CELL FUNCTION, CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE

General Biology
1) Living organisms, generality and systematics
2) Evolution

Cell Biology 1
1) Cells: basic organization, prokaryotes and eukaryotes
2) Molecular components of the cell: macromolecules (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids);
3) Proteins: basic notions
4) Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, informational flux in the cell
5) Biological membranes: the lipid bilayer and membrane proteins

Physiology 1
1.1 Transport of substances through the cell membrane
The lipid barrier of the cell membrane and cell membrane transport proteins
Diffusion
Active transport of substances through membranes

Cell Biology 2
1) The nucleus: structure of nuclear envelope and nuclear lamina; nuclear import and export
2) Chromatin and gene transcription
3) Gene transcription: RNA polymerase and promoters, post-transcriptional modifications
4) Ribosomes and translation
5) Mitochondria: structure, overview of their functions, mitochondrial DNA, and protein import in mitochondria
6) Peroxisomes: structure, functions, and protein import
7) Endoplasmic Reticulum: structure and general features, functions of smooth ER
8) The secretory pathway 1: protein import in the Rough ER, glycosylation and quality control
9) The secretory pathway 2: the Golgi apparatus, its structure and functions
10) The secretory pathway 3: vesicle trafficking and secretion
11) Endocytosis, endosomes and lysosomes
12) The Cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and associated proteins
13) The plasma membrane and its specializations: microvilli, cilia, primary cilium
14) DNA replication, repair and recombination
15) Cell cycle and mitosis
16) Meiosis
17) Cell death
18) Autophagy

Histology
1) How tissues are studied: general overview of histological methods
2) Tethering cells: cell adhesion and cellular junction
3) The Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
4) How tissues are made and maintained: cell death and renewal, the concept of stem cells
5) Epithelial tissues: structure, properties, location; some examples
6) Glandular tissues 1: exocrine glands, their structure and workings
7) Glandular tissues 2: endocrine glands, production and delivery of hormones
8) Connective tissue proper: structure, varieties, properties and locations
9) Adipose tissue: structure and properties
10) Cartilage: structure, varieties, properties and locations
11) Bone tissues: structure, properties and development
12) Blood: composition and properties of plasma; blood cells: structure, properties, and origin (hematopoiesis)
13) Lymphoid tissues: overviews of the lymphatic system and of the immune system
14) Nervous tissue: introduction to the anatomy of the nervous system; neurons and glial cells: structure and properties
15) Muscle tissues: structure and properties of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues

Physiology 2
2.1 Membrane potentials and Action potentials (AP)
2.2 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
2.3 Excitation of Skeletal Muscle
2.4 Contraction and Excitation of Smooth Muscle

Embryology
1) Male gametogenesis
2) Female gametogenesis
3) Fertilization and development of the zygote till implantation (first week)
4) The embryo proper after implantation: gastrulation and the three germ layers
5) Development of the nervous system
6) Development of the definitive endoderm
7) Development of the mesoderm (lateral, paraxial, intermediate)
8) Development of gonads and reproductive tracts in males and females
9) Development of blood and circulatory system
10) Development of the pharyngeal region
11) Development of extraembryonic tissues (yolk sac, trophoblast), development of placenta